Abstract
There are many causes of hypercalcemia, such as primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, and vitamin D toxicity. Immobility is one of the rare causes and is often ignored. Hypercalcemia on immobilization is common in patients with renal failure
Serum calcium can be lowered by resuming weight-bearing activities, active volume expansion, diuresis, inhibition of bone resorption and other measures. This article reviews the incidence of hypercalcemia, common populations, and mechanisms and proven treatments for hypercalcemia.
The main causes include primary glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, secondary glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial disease, hereditary kidney disease, long-term use of antipyretics and analgesics, exposure to heavy metals, etc. .
- Efforts should be made to clarify the cause of chronic renal failure. It should be clarified whether the renal damage is primarily glomerular damage, renal tubulointerstitial lesions, or renal vascular lesions, so that targeted treatment can be based on clinical characteristics. .
- Reversible factors that promote the progressive deterioration of renal function in chronic renal failure should be identified, such as infection, drug-induced kidney damage, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, heart failure, blood pressure falling too quickly or too low, etc.
- Attention should be paid to looking for certain factors that aggravate the gradual deterioration and decline of kidney function in chronic renal failure, such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, hypercoagulability, high-protein food intake, massive proteinuria.