Abstract
Aging is a universal biological process characterized by the gradual decline of physiological function and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases. Recent biological research has highlighted the importance of understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, and telomere shortening, in influencing lifespan and aging progression. Despite advancements, the interplay between genetic regulation, environmental influences, and therapeutic interventions in promoting healthy longevity remains insufficiently explored. This study aims to examine the biological underpinnings of aging and identify promising strategies for extending a healthy human lifespan. The analysis reveals that cellular senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, and free radical accumulation significantly contribute to the aging process. Telomere attrition, decreased DNA repair capacity, and oxidative damage are primary drivers of cellular aging. In parallel, genetic elements such as SIRT genes and the telomerase enzyme exhibit protective effects. Lifestyle choices—nutrition, exercise, sleep, and stress management—also influence aging rates. The study integrates recent discoveries in molecular biology, regenerative medicine, and therapeutic approaches, including antioxidants, calorie restriction, and stem cell research, to propose a holistic framework for anti-aging interventions. These insights offer a foundation for developing targeted treatments that delay biological aging, reduce disease onset, and improve quality of life. The synthesis of molecular, genetic, and lifestyle factors underscores the multifactorial nature of longevity, guiding future biomedical and public health strategies in aging management.