Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive and treatment-resistant brain tumor characterized by poor prognosis and limited therapeutic success. This study explored the potential of platinum-core titanium oxide-shell nanoparticles as a dual-function therapeutic agent combining radiosensitization and photothermal therapy. Nanoparticles were synthesized using a two-step process and characterized by DLS, zeta potential, XRD, and FTIR analyses, confirming monodisperse, stable, and crystalline core–shell structures. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed via MTT assay, demonstrating significant dose- and time-dependent reductions in glioblastoma cell viability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels measured by DCFH-DA fluorescence assay indicated nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress, a likely contributor to the observed cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, survival fraction assays incorporating nanoparticle treatment with radiotherapy (2 Gy X-ray) and near-infrared photothermal stimulation revealed a synergistic effect, achieving the greatest reduction in cell survival when all three modalities were combined. Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of these outcomes. These findings underscore the potential of platinum-titanium oxide core–shell nanoparticles as a promising combinational therapy platform for overcoming radioresistance in glioblastoma. The multifunctionality of the nanoplatform, along with its biocompatibility and physicochemical stability, supports its continued development for translational cancer nanomedicine.