Remote Fetal Monitoring for Predicting Perinatal Complication

Abstract

Cardiotocography (CTG) is a critical method for assessing fetal well-being, with baseline fetal heart rate (FHR) being a key parameter. The gradual decrease in FHR as pregnancy progresses is attributed to the maturation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), specifically the increasing influence of the parasympathetic division. In early pregnancy, sympathetic dominance results in higher FHR, while a balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic components later leads to stabilization. Fetal tachycardia (FHR >160 bpm) may indicate anemia, congenital heart defects, maternal fever, hyperthyroidism, infection, or medication effects. Conversely, fetal bradycardia (FHR <110 bpm) can result from severe hypoxia, conduction disorders, maternal hypotension, hypoglycemia, or umbilical cord compression. Variability in FHR, reflecting ANS regulation, is crucial for fetal health assessment. Decreased variability may signal fetal distress or nervous system impairment. CTG also evaluates transient fluctuations, such as accelerations and decelerations, which provide insights into fetal condition and cardiovascular system reactivity.