Importance of Acid-Base Balance in The Human Body

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the critical importance of acid-base balance in the human body, emphasizing its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal physiological function. The paper begins by explaining the principle of isohydria, wherein the hydrogen ion concentration in biological fluids is regulated within a narrow range. The stability of blood pH is essential for the proper functioning of enzymes and metabolic pathways, with a physiological norm around 7.35–7.45. Buffer systems such as the bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffers serve as the first line of defense against pH fluctuations caused by metabolic and respiratory activities. The article then examines the mechanisms underlying acidosis and alkalosis, both of which can manifest in compensated or uncompensated forms and are categorized as either respiratory or metabolic in origin. Non-gaseous (metabolic) acidosis is identified as one of the most severe disturbances, often resulting from conditions such as diabetes, prolonged physical exertion, or organ dysfunction. Conversely, respiratory acidosis is typically associated with impaired gas exchange in pulmonary diseases or CNS depression. The article also discusses less common forms of alkalosis, often resulting from vomiting, bicarbonate overload, or hyperventilation. Diagnostic considerations, classification of acid-base disorders, and therapeutic strategies—ranging from oxygen therapy and electrolyte management to pharmacological interventions—are addressed in detail. Through clinical and biochemical perspectives, the study underscores the importance of timely identification and management of acid-base disturbances in preventing systemic complications and promoting patient recovery.