Standardizing the Implementation of School-Based Inset: a Positive Leverage to Responsive and Sustainable Framework
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Abstract
This study examined how school-based In-Service Training (INSET) contributes to enhancing teacher competence and instructional quality in selected public elementary schools in the North District Division of Mandaue City for the 2024–2025 school year. The study aimed to assess the level of implementation of learnings from INSET in classroom instruction, the perceived effectiveness of INSET in terms of training content, delivery mode, and scheduling, as well as the challenges encountered by both teachers and school leaders in planning, implementing, and evaluating INSET programs. The respondents included school heads and teachers, whose demographic profiles were analyzed in terms of age, gender, educational attainment, years of experience, and participation in training. Results showed that both groups had substantial involvement in INSET, with many teachers having attended 16 or more training sessions. The level of implementation of INSET learnings was rated as "Always" across both instructional practices and learner-centered approaches. The relevance of training content was identified as the highest-rated aspect of INSET effectiveness, while online delivery received the lowest—but still favorable—ratings. A chi-square test revealed a statistically significant association between the frequency and quality of INSET and observed improvements in teaching strategies and learner outcomes. Significant challenges identified included inadequate ICT tools, poor scheduling, and limited teacher involvement in the planning process. Based on the findings, the study developed a School-Based INSET Framework designed to address context-specific needs, enhance training effectiveness, and promote sustainable professional development. The framework emphasizes collaborative planning, differentiated delivery modes, continuous monitoring, and post-training support. This study highlights the critical role of well-structured INSET programs in achieving instructional excellence and learner success.
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