PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFICACY AND TOXICOLOGICAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF INTROVIT ES 100 ORAL SOLUTION IN LAYING HENS

Oxidative stress, immunosuppression and reduced productivity remain major constraints in intensively managed poultry flocks. This study evaluated the pharmacological efficacy and toxicological safety of Introvit ES 100, an oral vitamin E–selenium complex, in laying hens under industrial rearing conditions. Thirty clinically healthy hens of comparable age and body weight were allocated to three groups (n = 10 each): an untreated control group, and two experimental groups receiving the preparation via drinking water at 1 mL/L (Group I) and 2 mL/L (Group II) for 30 consecutive days. Haematological, biochemical, antioxidant, immunological, growth, egg-production, feed-conversion, survivability, and hepato-renal histomorphological parameters were assessed, together with an economic-efficiency analysis. Introvit ES 100 produced dose-dependent increases in erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, total protein, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities, together with reductions in malondialdehyde, AST and ALT, all statistically significant relative to control (p < 0.05). Phagocytic activity, immunoglobulin concentration and the stress-resistance index improved in treated groups, egg production rose by up to 14.3 %, feed-conversion ratio improved by up to 56 %, and survivability reached 100 % versus 90 % in controls. Histological examination revealed no degenerative, necrotic or inflammatory changes in liver or kidney of treated birds. The findings indicate that Introvit ES 100, applied at the recommended oral doses, is a safe and pharmacologically effective antioxidant–immunomodulatory agent for use in commercial poultry production.