Evaluation of Some Biochemical and Physiological Indicators in Some Males with Type 2 Diabetes in the City of Samarra

Abstract

Diabetes is a chronic endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from absolute or relative insulin deficiency. There are a number of different causes of diabetes but the majority of cases are classified as either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes derives from autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency and subsequent hyperglycemia. Type 1 diabetes accounts for about 10-15% of all diabetes cases. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by abnormal insulin secretion due to peripheral resistance and accounts for 85-90% of all people with diabetes. While type 1 diabetes usually presents in childhood or adolescence and type 2 diabetes at a later stage, clinical manifestations and progression vary widely and some patients may not be clearly classified as having type 1 or type 2 initially. Type 1 diabetes may occur at any age, and with its late onset usually shows slower progression, type 2 often appears earlier in life, even in childhood and adolescence, sometimes allowing an accurate diagnosis only over time. In the uncontrolled state, both types of diabetes are characterized by increased hepatic glucose production and decreased glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue. Patients with type 1 diabetes are at risk for severe lipolysis leading to diabetic ketoacidosis. Residual insulin activity in type 2 diabetes usually inhibits lipolysis and ketone production. Environmental factors and their relationship to diabetes, the prevalence of diabetes in China has increased significantly in recent decades, with estimates suggesting that more than 100 million people have the disease at present. During this period there was an increase in obesity rates and a decrease in physical activity. Many changes in lifestyle and diet are the result of increasing economic development and urbanization. In addition to the increasingly Western diet, the traditional Chinese diet also plays a role, as the quantity and quality of rice intake are linked to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Familial factors including inherited genetic variants are important, although differences in genetic architecture suggest that a different set of genetic variants could be more important in Chinese compared to Europeans. Recent developments have also emphasized the role that early life factors play in the epidemic of diabetes and non-communicable diseases: maternal undernutrition, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes are associated with an increased risk of diabetes in the offspring. The mismatch between developmentally programmed biology and modern environment is important for countries like China where rapid economic transformation has occurred. Multisectoral efforts to address risks at different stages throughout the life cycle will be needed to reduce the burden of diabetes.